Black Sox Scandal of 1919 From the book Baseball an Illustrated Essay

Black Sox Scandal of 1919 From the book Baseball an Illustrated History - Essay Example After the end of the World Series, the suspicions of the conspiracy began (principally by sports writers such as Hugh Fullerton) but cooled down before the beginning of the 1920 season. However even with the ‘cool down there were allegations that gamblers invaded baseball and paid for some wins, in September 1920, the court opened investigations to check on the allegations. These investigations opened the case for the black sox scandal, after the exposure seven of the players admitted to the court that they had received bribes in order to throw away the World Series, which was not common. The owner of the white soxs, later suspended the seven play (Ward & Burns, 1994). Chick gandil, a player in the team, organized the whole fix, he rounded seven white soxs plan to go with the plan. However even though gandil planned the whole ‘fix, the gamblers, and the bookmakers dealt with Joseph Sullivan and Arnold Rothstein, Sullivan was a businessman that dealt with players while Arnold, on the other hand, provided the money. As 100,000 split among seven players back in the days was a big deal all the seven players agreed to down with the deal, however the case reveals that Joe Jackson, also a player in the team refused to take the money as he had doubts about the whole deal. In the case, few gamblers testified to the trial, however even with these none of them was brought to the trial of the black sox scandal. The main economic conditions that led the players to throw the game were the fact that the pay they used to get was low. The fact that they threw the game away just to get 100,000 dollars proves that they needed the money even with the fact that each one of them got around 20000 dollars. Also, to show that the players were in need of money is the double crossing evident all through the case (Ward & Burns, 1994). The whole scandal revolved around money from the gamblers, all the

Adolescents and Cyberspace Essay Example for Free

Adolescents and Cyberspace Essay Abstract The Internet has a great deal of benefit in our lives. It is the window that opens onto the world and shows us everything that is happening around us. Although it is meant to help and support our needs, enrich our social lives and expand our civic connections, it has not been going so far in this way. A lot of research is showing that the heavy use of cyberspace is isolating people form the world around them. Knowing that adolescents are spending a great deal of their time in cyberspace, this article will examine the things they miss when they are left to grow up in it. Leaving Adolescents Grow Up in Cyberspace The question on whether leaving adolescents grow up in cyberspace is beneficial or not has long been controversial. When a lot agree that cyberspace has made their life easier, many others believe the opposite. Everything has side effects, which might have great impact on its user if not handled properly. It seems that adolescents, out of all other people, all missing a lot when their parents are letting them grow up in cyberspace. Everything in this advanced world is possible these days, thats why we find students who study on the Internet in hybrid or online courses. Traditionally, learning has been assumed to take place in a classroom or face-to-face environment where the instructor and students are physically together, but not all students learn the same way and therefore the traditional approach is not ideal for all students (Young, 2007). This is true, but a lot of students are finding it difficult to cope with the new and modern way of learning, where the instructor lectures them online. Some students say: -Instructor feedback tend to be slow -I didnt feel as part of the class -You cant verbalize your thoughts and let others hear your ideas -Too many technical problems -Unreliable Internet connections from my Internet service provider -You also lose the personal teacher student relationship -No way to read body language -With on-line classes, it is hard to be able to get the whole personal thing -You dont get to see the professor or class members face-to-face -It takes more time to e-mail or post a question on the discussion board and wait for a response (Students Positive and Negative Experience in Hybrid and Online Classes, 2007, page). Moreover, Irvine(2004) states: Assignments are dispersed online. Students are much more likely to do research online than use a library. And even class handouts have gone the way of the Web, posted on electronic bulletin boards for downloading after class(p.31A). So, if the Internet connection went off, students wouldnt be able to continue their work. When the computer server in Emory University went down for a few hours one evening, a lot of people were at loose ends, they couldnt to their homework (Sridharan, 2004). This is how adolescents are missing the more active and efficient way of learning because of cyberspace, thus suffering from a lot of educational and studying problems they are better off without. Looking at the world today would make us realize how much we miss security. And since adolescents are widely using cyberspace, they are the most likely to get affected by what it generates. A lot of teenagers have no problem in making friends, of whom theyve never seen. In fact, they see that it is one of the purposes of using the Internet. But they never realize how dangerous it could be to meet someone you havent actually seen. The Internet allows people to communicate with people who are different from them, people in another country or kids at school they dont talk to. This access of information is so easy, but of course there is a dark side to having such broad access: it gives identity thieves and sexual predators a new place to look for victims (Stern, 2004). Also, the Internet has shaped the way adolescents work, live, and relax. It has even created new ways for them to express themselves which might be liberating and fun but can also become a forum for of pettiness and criminal exploitation (Irvine, 2004). Furthermore, Ian and Walder (2005) say: As we have become dependent on the Internet, as the network of networks, so we have become vulnerable to criminal and terrorist networks that use cyberspace as a means to undermine and circumvent state control. Protecting against those that wish to attack  the integrity, confidentiality and availability of systems and data they process, is primarily an issue of implementing appropriate security measures. (page) The main purpose for this worry is because adolescents are unaware of what criminals might do to take advantage of people who want to be friendly, allowing them to threaten the countrys and societys safety. In this way letting them spend too much time in cyberspace is making them loose a lot of security which puts them in dangerous problems later on. We must not forget the most important consequence of growing up in cyberspace: lack of social life and relationships. Sitting in front of the monitor for several continuous hours, without even noticing how time flies by quickly, makes us never want to get off the chair. As many adolescents are living in virtual communities, their only concern is making friends online. Ten years ago, social theorists were suggesting that the Internet would revolutionize social relationships (Carter Denise M., 2004). Now, the Internet has come a far distance that kids and teens cant live without it; people can find a job without leaving their desks, shop online without going to the mall and communicate with others without meeting face-to-face by e-mails, online chat rooms and instant messages. So, all the activities that were done with family and friends, are being done alone on the Internet. As a result, such activities have proved to be more isolating than watching television, which friends and family often do in groups, and the time spent with them is decreasing a lot in the presence of the Web. In addition, teens are preferring not to go out for walks or hang out with friends because they are busy in their own larger world. Know it or not, youngsters who are allowing time online to replace face-to-face interaction are being isolated from the real world and are being trapped in the virtual world (Staples, 2004). Seemingly, Teenagers who spend much of their lives hunched over computer screens miss the socializing, the real world experience that would allow them to leave adolescence behind and grow into adulthood. These vital experiences, like much else, are simply not available in a virtual form (Staples, 2004, p.A29). All of this is breaking the social relationships and is bringing up adults that dont know how to deal with others because they never had the chance to sit and talk face-to-face. A lot of people fear of not being able to go with the flow; who ever doesnt have access to cyberspace doesnt have a life. But this isnt proved to be completely true since its not being used in the best and efficient way. Of course its the parents job to lead them to the right track; they should always keep them under high supervision. To be more specific, parents should encourage them to have a real life, make real friends, go to real places and spend quality time with family. This doesnt mean getting rid of this great technology but not letting it control them. Indeed, adolescents are missing a lot of the real world and its content, and arent aware of the circumstances and the costs of growing up in cyberspace. References Carter Denise, M.(2004, December).Living in Virtual Communities: Making Friends Online.Journal of Urban Technology 11(3), 109-125.Retrieved March 19, 2008, from EBSCO Host database. El Mansour, B. Mupinga, D.M.(2007, March).Students Positive and Negative Experiences in Hybrid and Online Classes.College Student Journal 41(1), 242-248.Retrieved March 19, 2008, from EBSCO Host database. Ian Walder.(2005, April).Crime and Security in Cyberspace.Cambridge Review of International Affairs 11(3), 109-125.Retrieved March 19, 2008, from EBSCO Host database. Irvine, M.(2004, December 5).Youths Adopt, Drive Technology Advances.Fort Worth Star-Telegram, p.31A. Staples, B.(2004, May 29).What Adolescents Miss When We Let Them Grow Up in Cyberspace.New York Times, p.A24.

Effects of Globalization on World Politics

Effects of Globalization on World Politics This paper considers the role that globalization has played in changing the nature of world politics. It explores the idea that such effects can be visualized in two separate spheres: the domestic, and the international. It pays particular attention to the role of what Risse terms ‘Transnational Actors’, a complex aggregation of bodies which he has placed into two main categories: firstly, that of structure, which may either formal or informal, and secondly, that of motivation, which may be ‘instrumental’ – i.e., constituted around the need to achieve shared membership objectives, or more general bodies constructed around the need to promote a common good. Within these two dimensions, Risse also notes the presence of sub-categories of organization, such as ‘epistemic communities’ and advocacy networks. (Risse 2002: pp.255-256). What has to be considered here is whether or not the cumulative efforts of these bodies are in effect producing real change in world politics, and if so, how an such change be recognised and assessed? Ultimately, the question is whether or not the phenomenon of globalization, or its associated political effects, are the arbiters of a genuinely new form of international relations, or merely the re-working of older models and protocols. As Risse puts it, ‘†¦there is little systematic evidence to sustain claims that the transnational â€Å"society world† has somehow overtaken the â€Å"state world†.’ (Risse 2002: p.255). If this is accepted, the corollary is a largely unchanged set of underlying relationships between sovereign states, with all that implies for economic interaction and the social dynamic. As Hurrell and Woods point out, ‘†¦Economic liberalization is exacerbating the gap between rich and poor within virtually all developing regions. At the same time, other elements of globalization are increasing the inequalities of political power and in fluence, as well as highlighting new dimensions of inequality.’ (Hurrell and Woods 1999: p.1) Correspondingly, it is argued here, the underlying economic nature of globalization tends to make it profoundly adaptive of established international interaction. In the first instance, it may be helpful to give definition to otherwise vague notions of globalization, giving full consideration to the ways in which the phenomenon cuts across the political sphere. There are many such definitions to choose from, several of which offer competing or overlapping sets of characteristics: central to all of these is the idea that formerly discrete social and economic dimensions are being drawn into closer proximity and eventual convergence. For example, as Fisher and Lovell argue that , ‘Globalisation is a process which is bringing societies that were previously economically, politically and culturally diverse into convergence. That is being achieved by a combination of the success of capitalism, the growth of a common mass culture†¦and the wish of people in all societies, through their rational choices, to choose the same goals.’ (Fisher and Lovell 2003: p.256). It is the proliferation of interaction in the non-governmental spheres, b oth public and private, which collectively constitutes the novel dimensions of contemporary globalization. As Risse explains, ‘†¦the concept encompasses everything as long as human agency is involved, Yet, cross-border capital flows, international trade, CNN media broadcasts, international migration, cross-border tourism, the diffusion of values and norms, transnational social movements, INGO’s and MNC’s are quite different phenomena.’ (Risse 2002: p.274). Some commentators take a more benign and reductive view of the whole process. Hart, for example, argues that ‘Properly focused, the profit motive can accelerate (not inhibit) the transformation toward global sustainability, with nonprofits, governments and multinational agencies all playing crucial roles as collaborators and watchdogs.’ (Hart 2007: p.3) Hart’s optimism seems to be predicated on the idea that capitalism will bring with it the twin benefits of a free market and a free society, although events have demonstrated that this is not always the case: former state capitalist models eschewed such models, and contemporary variants, such as the Chinese example, have not necessarily seen commerce and political liberalism as intrinsically linked. In fact, as the case of the journalist Shi Tao illustrates, arbiters of e.commerce such as Yahoo, Microsoft and Google have, on occasion, been co-opted into the repressive arms of an obdurately repressive state. The res ult has been a voluntary code of ethics, which, as Dickie and Waters report, has yet to prove itself in the international arena: ‘†¦designed to reduce the risk that their actions lead to human rights abuses in China and other countries. The principles, written in conjunction with two human rights groups, are a reaction to the fierce public criticism that all three faced two years ago for bowing to various degrees to Chinese internet controls.’ (Dickie and Waters 2008). Furthermore, as Risse indicates, there are historical precedents for doubting the efficacy of liberalized commerce in the diminution of international tensions. As he reminds us, the cumulative free-trade panaceas of pro-liberal optimists such as Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill and Kant were largely displaced by the events of 1914-18. ‘†¦the First World War, which was fought among highly interdependent nations, discredited the idea that economic interdependence alone is a sufficient condition for peace in the absence of democracy.’ (Risse 2002: p.257) In other words, there was a primacy of politics which obdurately and arbitrarily overruled any supposedly benign panaceas inherent in the market. Again, it is possible to see the reworking of much older debates within the idea of a new world order being created in this way. As Risse points out, ‘The controversy about the precise relationship between economic interests, capitalism and economic interdependence, on the one hand, and aggressive/imperialist foreign policies as well as peace and war, continues to this day.’ (Risse 2002: p.257). The empirical contexts for such debate are various, and may be seen especially in the supplanting of the Pax Britannica with the Pax Americana, and all that implies for the continuity of an inequitable distribution of political and economic power between sovereign communities. Moreover, the apparently benign internationalism of the post 1945 environment has itself been supplanted by a far more postmodernist atmosphere, as evidenced by the actions of the UK in the Falklands Islands conflict, and both the UK and the US in Iraq. As Hurrell and Woods point out, ‘Inequality with in the traditional conception of world order is a positive, restraining, and ordering force. It permits the operation of a balance of power as a substitute for the centralized authority of a Hobbesian Leviathan in domestic politics. At the same time, hierarchy in the international system, or the imbalance of power, has never meant a strict imposition of the absolute will of the most powerful state or states.’ (Hurrell and Woods 1999: p.9) The essential point here is that the exercising of such residual power, whether through economic hegemony or more direct means, may be profoundly corrosive of more general movements towards a globalizing community. As Risse enquires, ‘Does the INGO world then represent a ‘global civil society†¦or does it merely reproduce Western enlightenment values such as universalism, individualism, progress and cosmopolitanism? INGOs as part and parcel of a â€Å"world culture† dominated by Western liberal hegemony?’ (Risse 2002: p.260) As Risse points out, ‘Globally operating MNC’s do not all look alike, but maintain a distinct institutional features pertaining to their organizational structure and culture which originate from the national institutional environment in which the mother company operates.’ (Risse 2002: p.261) Just as Risse identifies this trait at a macro level from an academic perspective, so intra-industry analysts such as Hofstede have noted the same patterns of behaviour at a micro level, in attempting to isolate the visceral cultural resilience of global organizations. ‘From a practical perspective, the cultural variables described by the model are intuitively appealing because of their†¦.relationship to the management process.’ (Leopold et al. 2005: p.307). Albeit in a reductive sense, Hofstede’s taxonomies of uncertainty avoidance, power distance, masculinity/femininity, individualism/collectivism, and long-term orientation, combine to inform us of t he cultural factors which underlay supposedly seamless multinational integrations. (Hofstede 2003). Such analyses have direct political applications as well as their corporate usage: for example, the perceived Chinese intolerance of uncertainty has, it is alleged, been invoked by joint official and media interventions to choke off demand for political emancipation. As Rachman has commented, ‘†¦fear of â€Å"chaos† is frequently stirred up to fend off demands for political liberalisation.’ (Rachman, 2008: n.p.) Such distinctions may have implications far beyond the corporate context, reaching out into the world of media: this arguably, takes in the concept of the public sphere identified by Habermas and his successor theorists, as the context for a renegotiation of civil polity. Most analysts of globalization invoke the proliferation of international media channels as profoundly constructive of the phenomenon: to date however, there has been comparatively little discussion of the way in which this might genuinely engender an internationalist perspective on politics. As Adler points out, Habermas’s social theory ‘†¦explained how emancipatory interests became reconstructed in both theory and practice and especially how deliberative democratic processes helped people free themselves from distorted communication.’ (Adler 2002: p.97). In other words, this aspect of globalization might be one in which its specifically emancipatory and political dimensions could be realize d. As Habermas himself points out, the social realization of this sphere enabled its predominantly bourgeois actors to ‘†¦engage in a debate over the general rules governing relations in the basically privatized but publicly relevant sphere of commodity exchange and social labour.’ (Habermas 2003: p.27). The parallels between the historically specific inception of this process, and contemporary developments of globalization, are arguably strong. As Habermas again points out, ‘The medium of this political confrontation was peculiar and without historical precedent: people’s public use of their reason†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Habermas 2003: p.27). There are of course a number of balancing considerations to be acknowledged before the true political significance of this can be realistically assessed. As Thompson points out, ‘†¦the exchange of information and symbolic content in the social world takes place in contexts of mediated interaction quasi-interaction, rather than in contexts of face-to-face interaction between individuals who share a common locale.’ (Thompson, 2001: p.87). Perhaps more significant here than the idea of ‘locale’ is that of interest, or of the common bond inherent in relations of production – or other unifying tendencies – which might support a political reification. Nor can it be denied that there are specific aspects of Habermas’s theory which militate directly against the politicization of the global community, and in fact point to direct opposite situation. This is especially noticeable in Habermas’s idea of the ‘refeudalization’ of the public sphere, during which the emancipatory power of the media is neutralised by the elites who control it. Robins and Webster see this as ‘†¦the dominance of corporative forms within which discussion is not public but is increasingly limited to technicians and bureaucrats’, through which the public sphere becomes ‘†¦a condition of organizational action, to be instrumentally managed – i.e. manipulated.’ (Robins and Webster 2006: p.94). Neither can it be overlooked that in many sites of intense economic liberalization, such as in China, there appears to be a comparative absence of commensurate political change, as evidenced in the associated media and educational spheres. As Rachman indicates, ‘†¦.the need to recover national strength and for China to regain its rightful place in the world is a constant theme. One western professor at a Beijing university – who is generally very positive about modern China – cannot help worrying that many of his students â€Å"seem to have been taught that an eventual war with America is inevitable†.’. (Rachman, 2008: n.p.). In conclusion then, it may just as relevant to ascertain the extent to which ‘Transnational Actors’ operate as arbiters of genuine political change, as it is to demonstrate their function as organic intellectuals in a world body politic. In other words, it is one thing – as Risse has done – to show that they are a significant and diffuse element within globalization as a whole. This, it may be argued, shows that the latter are significant within the converging operation of pre-existing political systems, and does not of itself undermine the concept or operation of globalization. However, it also demonstrates that the latter merely amplifies the existing international political status quo, without substantially altering it. This is especially pertinent if economic liberalization is to continue as the essential arbiter of globalization, and any attending social changes. As Altman points out, ‘From a Kantian perspective, a corporation can have no respons ibility at all†¦ it is a tool, and a good tool performs its designated function well, a good corporation maximizes profits for its shareholders.’ (Altman 2007: p.261) Neither has the onset of globalization analyses substantially undermined conventional understandings or interpretations of the manner in which states interact. As Hopf reminds us, ‘Durable expectations between states require intersubjective [sic] identities that are sufficiently stable to ensure predictable patterns of behaviour.’ (Hopf 1998: p.176). The contrast between constructivism and realism remains as distinctive as ever, as Hopf again indicates. ‘†¦constructivism†¦assumes that the selves, or identities, of states are a variable; they†¦depend on historical, cultural, political, and social context.’ (Hopf 1998: p.176). A realist position meanwhile proposes that the state, ‘†¦in international politics, across space and time†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ has a Ã¢â‚¬Ë œÃ¢â‚¬ ¦single eternal meaning†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Hopf 1998: p.176) Correspondingly, from this perspective, the realist model is too reductive, assuming that all actors in global policy can possess only one meaningful identity, ‘†¦that of self-interested states†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Hopf 1998: p.176). Whether one is an adherent of the constructivist or realist school, or merely takes both into account in assessing international politics, it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that sovereign self interest, and intra-state sectional interests, are still well to the fore in determining the nature of politics. In this respect, the whole phenomenon of globalization begins to appear strongly redolent of earlier, supposedly more discretely evolved systems. As Zurn points out, the process of political change through economic interdependence is conditional upon several agencies, through which is achieved an overall reduction of distance and difference. ‘In a material sense, people o f different societies grow closer to each other and get to know each other better. In addition, increased transnational transactions necessarily create an economic interest in the maintenance of good transnational relations. The interest of strengthened export capital is one reason for the stability of free trade since the Second World War.’ (Zurn 2002: p.239). The problem with this interpretation of events is that it appears highly evocative of pre-1914 optimism about the stabilizing influence of free-trade liberalism. Only forthcoming events will fully reveal whether or not Third Way neo-liberalism is any better placed to provide the panacea which its classical antecedent manifestly failed to do. Meanwhile, as Risse concludes, there two substantive issues which must be addressed before what he terms ‘global governance’ can acquire legitimacy: the ‘democratic deficit’ perceived in the nature of supra-national or federalist aggregations of states such as the EU, and the obstacles which might preclude a ‘cosmopolitan democracy’. (Risse 2002: p.269). It remains to be seen whether these achievements an offset the tensions inherent in a globalizing eonomy. Bibliography Adler, E., ‘Constructivism and International Relations’, in Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T., and Simmons, B.A., (eds), (2002), Handbook of Internatiional Relations, Sage London, pp.95-118, p.97. Altman, M.C., (2007), ‘The Decomposition of the Corporate Body’, Journal of Business Ethics, Vol.74, No.3, pp.253-266, Springer, USA. Bouckaert, L., (1994), ‘Business and Community’ in Harvey, B., (1994), (ed), Business Ethics, a European Approach, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs NJ. pp.154-191. Brewster, D., ‘Sustainability Report Seeks the Facts’, Financial Times siteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Published: Dec 09, 2007, INTERNET, available at http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=sustainabilityy=4aje=truex=13id=071209000018ct=0page=2, [viewed 9.11.08], n.p Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T., and Simmons, B.A., (eds), (2002), Handbook of Internatiional Relations, Sage London. Chryssides, G.D. and Kaler, J.H. (Eds), (1993) An Introduction to Business Ethics, Chapman and Hall, London. K. Chryssides, G.D. and Kaler, J.H., (1996) Essentials of Business Ethics, McGraw-Hill Crane. A., and Matten, D., (2007), Business Ethics, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Crane, A., Matten., D., (2004), Business Ethics: A European Perspective, Oxford. De George, R. T., ( 1995 ) , Business Ethics, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Dickie, M., and Waters R., ‘Web guidelines aim at repressive governments’, Financial Times, 29 Oct 2008, INTERNET, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/37db7c58-a507-11dd-b4f5-000077b07658.html [viewed 12.11.08] Donaldson, T., and Werhane, P.H., (1988), Ethical Issues in Business: A Philosophical Approach, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Fisher, C., Lovell, A., (2006), Business Ethics and Values, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, London. Habermas, J. (2003), The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, London: Polity. Hart, S.L., (2007), Capitalism at the Crossroads: Aligning Business, Earth and Humanity, 2nd Edition, Wharton, Upper Saddle River, N.J. Hill., A., ‘The eco-goddess and the industrialist: a double loss’, Financial Times, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Published: Sep 11, 2007, INTERNET, available at http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=body+shopy=5aje=truex=12id=070911010713ct=0page=4, [viewed 15.3.08], n.p. Gerte Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Website, INTERNET, available at http://www.geert-hofstede.com/hofstede_dimensions.php?culture1=95culture2=18#compare [viewed 7.5.08] Hofstede, G., (2003), Cultures and Organizations: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival, Profile Business, London. Hooley, G., Saunders, J., Piercy, N., (2004) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning (3rd Edition) Prentice Hall, Essex. Hurrell, A., and Woods, N., (1999) , Inequality, Globalization and World Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Lee, K., Carter, S., (2005), Global Marketing Management: Changes, Challenges and New Strategies, Oxford, p.211. Leopold, J., Harris, L., and Watson, T., (2005), The Strategic Managing of Human Resources, Prentice Hall, London. Monks, R., and Minow, N., (2004), Corporate Governance, Basil Blackwell, Oxford. Post, J., Lawrence, A.T., and Weber, J., (2002), Business and Society: Corporate Strategy, Public Policy, Ethics, McGraw Hill, Boston. Rachman, G., ‘Illiberal capitalism: Russia and China chart their own course’, Financial Times, Published: January 8 2008, INTERNET, available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f7aa8626-be00-11dc-8bc9-0000779fd2ac.html, [viewed 7.5.08] Risse, T., ‘Transnational Actors and World Politics’, in Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T., and Simmons, B.A., (eds), (2002), Handbook of Internatiional Relations, Sage London, pp.255-274. Robins, K., and Webster, F., (2006), ‘From Pubic Sphere to Cybernetic State’, in Hassan, R. (ed.)(2006), The New Media Theory Reader, Maidenhead: Open University Press. Scruton, R., (1983), A Dictionary of Political Thought, Pan, London. Thompson, J.B, (2001), The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Public Sphere, London: John Libby. Vogel, D., (2005), The Market for Virtue: the Potential and Limits of Corporate Social Responsibility, Brookings, Washington DC. Williams, E., (1964), Capitalism and Slavery, Andre Deutsch, London. Zurn, M., ‘From Interdependence to Globalization’, in Carlsnaes, W., Risse, T., and Simmons, B.A., (eds), (2002), Handbook of Internatiional Relations, Sage London. Zyglidopoulos, S.C., and Fleming, P.J., (2008), ‘Ethical Distance in Corrupt Firms’, Journal of Business Ethics , Vol.78, pp.265-274

What Is Psychology? :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today’s fast paced society many people have a tough time dealing with their problems, this is where the psychologist comes into play. Psychology by definition is, the science dealing with the mind and the mental and emotional processes. A lot of times, the psychologist will use the scientific method in finding a diagnosis for the patient. They will determine if they see a pattern, make a hypothesis and make conclusions to help the end result. I feel that psychology has an excellent claim to being called a science. The human brain is so complex, we need to definitely study it so we in turn can find out more about our creator.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From a Christian perspective, I feel that psychology has its benefits; however if the psychologist thinks that he/she is solving all of the problems is totally wrong. God put them in a position where they could help others fix their problems; if they misuse that power they are basically betraying God. On the other hand, understanding why God made our minds the way he did will only give us a better understanding of him. When God created us he gave us intelligence so that we could have a personal relationship with him. As Christians it should be one of our goals to find out more about this branch of science. Thus, I feel overall that psychology has a major potential to help us understand what it really means to be totally committed to Christ.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When looking at the other sciences, the â€Å"hard† sciences tend to use more physical proof then patterns discovered. Science by definition is the state of fact or knowledge. To leave science that wide open would be a mistake. That is why we see the many different divisions of science. Though each has a different area of study, they all do form one giant puzzle. Scientists in every field use some sort of scientific method to solve their problems. If they didn’t relate, we would see many contradictions between all the sciences.

Arthur Miller’s Commentary Essay

Arthur Miller’s commentary helps our understanding of the play very much. Through more character detail he has made it possible for us to understand exactly how the different characters are feeling, and why they behave the way they do, as in the case of Abigail using the whole situation to her advantage, and being very manipulative and sly, all of which are characteristics that we don’t like in ourselves. For example, Abigail was using the whole situation to get back at John Proctor, she wanted him but he didn’t want her, and in trying to gain his affections, she involved all of the people of Salem. During the play Abigail had one goal (to get John Proctor) and she didn’t care how she achieved this. Throughout the play the contrast between light and dark is a prominent feature. In the footnote at the begging of act one Miller has used the image of light â€Å"There is a narrow window at the left. Through it’s leaded pains the morning sunlight streams. A candle still burns near the bed†¦ The room gives of an air of clean spareness.† This symbolises that everything is OK, there are no bad things happening. Light throughout the play is use to represent good. As the story line continues the mood and even the scenes themselves become darker and more evil, even the weather becomes more negative and depressing. Dark is used throughout the play to symbolise bad. For example, the courtroom is always dark; there are no open windows and no candles. In some cases certain characters bring light into a scene that was dark, like John Proctor. But when he is accused of witchcraft the light that accompanies him became a lot dimmer. I also think Arthur Miller makes it very easy for us to pick out good and bad characters at the beginning of the play. But some of the characters switch sides as the play goes on, at the beginning of the play I found Reverend Hale was very annoying. However as the play developed he was one of the people who could see sense in the situation. Towards the end of the play you could tell which characters were good, and which were bad. Arthur Miller also puts the audience in a very annoying position because we can see how wrong and how stupid the characters are being. The audience would get very angry at the fact that only John Proctor and Mr Hale can see sense, even though it takes two acts for them to see it. An example of this would be John Proctor’s reaction to Abigail stumbling in with a needle in her stomach, claiming that John Proctor’s wife is a voodoo witch. â€Å"Why she done it herself I hope you aren’t takin it for proof, Mister†. Abigail claims this to get back at John Proctor; the audience however are led to believe that she did it to herself, even though it is not actually said in the text. All of this would make the audience very angry, and would make us start to think why the characters aren’t doing anything about it. In this case I’m going to point out Judge Danforth because he is so wrapped up in his own little world and doing what he thinks is â€Å"right†. At first Danforth only frustrated me with his ignorance, but as the story line developed I found my frustration turning to anger and my anger into hate. Abby also frustrated me because she twisted the situation for her own benefit and to get at John Proctor  At the end of each act Miller leaves the play in a state of climax. At the end of act one Miller draws the curtain on the girl’s firing frantic and false accusations of witchcraft against many women in Salem, act three ends with the dramatic exit of Mr Hale â€Å"I denounce these proceedings, I quit this court!† Through this approach it always keeps the audience on the edge of their seats. It keeps the audience swept up in the story line, almost like a soap opera today, where each episode ends with a dramatic last scene (cliff hanger), and ensuring they watch the next episode because they want to know what happens, I find it very frustrating. In fact, The Crucible is very similar to a modern day soap opera, in that its success as a whole depends on how involved the viewers, or audience, become with the characters and the story line. I also think that because it is based on history, the story might not be true to word, which adds fascination. The play was not only written to record historical events in Salem but was also written to warn people of modern day witch hunts, such as the McCarthy â€Å"witch† hunt (1950’s) in which people were asked to turn in anyone who was a Communist at the time. The naming and shaming followed a similar pattern of that in Salem.

Characteristics of Successful Online Students Essay

â€Å"In this age of learner-centered learning, online instruction provides a unique opportunity for learning materials, tasks, and activities to fit individual learning styles and preferences (Bonk, Wisher & Lee, 2003).† Learning styles along with other factors have an impact on the characteristics of successful online students. Each student is different, how he or she obtain information and apply it to their online learning will determine their success. Successful online students must be well rounded, having characteristics to regulate, self-motivate, and manage their time wisely; thus, successful online students must be responsible and have the ability to adapt. Web-based learning has become increasingly popular, as technologies have advanced. Time-management as well as different learning styles has the ability to affect the success of online learners. Online learners must have the ability to manage their time effectively, use visual and non-visual tools; also, they must be able to manage their resources. Student backgrounds also affect the success of online learners. â€Å"Learning styles refer to the different ways learners use to perceive, process and conceptualize information. (Zacharis, N. Z. 2011)† Students should determine their learning style and have the ability to apply it to their online learning to better use their time and to obtain the most information out of their learning. In reading this article I have learned it is best for a student to first identify their learning style in order to determine their potential successes and failures in becoming an online learner. Online learning is not for everybody. The content of this article was not surprising; I find online learning to be a challenge every day. Each semester you have to become familiar with different teaching styles of professors and their expectations with the inability to personally meet the professor. I found this article to go hand in hand with the course material read this far. It is important to determine learning styles and to determine what works best for you, s uch as flashcards, highlighting, reading and re-reading. Each individual is different, it is important to determine a  plan of action in order for an online learner to succeed to his or her full potential. â€Å"Instruct the wise and they will be wiser still; teach the righteous and they will add to their learning. (Proverb 9:9)† This proverb relates to the article and course material in that online courses only provide a sense of direction for a student and what the student does with that direction will determine their success. In my own path of obtaining my online degree I will begin to better so determine what works best for me, what learning style best fits to my courses and myself. First, I will determine my main learning style. Second, I will apply it to this course and my other courses to determine a plan of action to complete the rest of my assignments. Lastly, I will use what I have learned throughout the rest of my degree to achieve the highest level of success and understanding. I believe this information can also be applied to everyday life, to manage relationships, money, and time effectively. In conclusion, effective online learning is not for everybody. The success of online learning is determined by the success and abilities of the individual person to comprehend, and manage their time and resources effectively. Characteristics of successful online learners include patience, motivation, and also self-discipline. In proverbs 1:5 â€Å"let the wise listen and add to their learning, and let the discerning get guidance†. Works Cited: Bonk, C. J., Wisher, R. A. & Lee, J. (2003). Moderating learner-centered e-learning: problems and solutions, benefits and implications. In T. S. Roberts (Ed.), Online collaborative learning: theory and practice (pp. 54–85). Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing. Zacharis, N. Z. (2011), The effect of learning style on preference for web-based courses and learning outcomes. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42: 790–800. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2010.01104.x

community policing essays

community policing essays Community Policing*Picture*Grade:B+Language:EnglishSystem:Four-Year CollegeCountry:USAAuthors Comments: : Crime is defined as commission of an act or act of omission that violates the law and is punishable by the state. Crimes are considered injurious to society and the community. As defined by law, a crime includes both the act,or actus rea, and the intent to commit the act, or mens rea. Criminal intent involves an intellectual apprehension of factual elements of the act or acts commanded or enjoined by the law. It is usually inferred from the apparently voluntary commission of an overt act. Criminal liability is relieved in the case of insanity. Legal minors are also relieved of criminal liability, as are persons subjected to coercion or duress to such a degree as to render the commission of criminal acts involuntary. In most countries, crimes are defined and punished pursuant to statutes. Punishments may include death, imprisonment, exile, fines, forfeiture of property, removal from public office, and disqualification from holding such office. Unless the act of which a defendant is accused is expressly defined by statute as a crime, no indictment or conviction for the commission of such an act can be legally sustained. This provision is important in establishing the difference between government by law and arbitrary or dictatorial government. Under common law, a crime was generally classified as treason, felony, or misdemeanor, but many offenses could not be defined exactly, and the rule was adopted that any immoral act tending to the prejudice of the community was, per se, a crime, and punishable by the courts. Crimes are now usually classified as mala in se, which includes acts, such as murder, so offensive to morals as to be obviously criminal; and mala prohibita, which are violations of specific regulatory statutes, such as traffic violations, that ordinarily would not be punishable in the absence of statutory enactme...

Free Essays on Christianity And Homosexuality

During the last 2,000 years of Christianity, the conservative Christian public changed its views of others. The Church changed the views about people of other races as being inferior, or savages, or in need of salvation. Conservative Christians have a cynical view of homosexuals. Certain members of the Christian community see homosexuals as being in direct league with Satan. According to some members of the Christian community, homosexuals are a direct threat to society and the sanctity of the family and homosexuality is an abomination. The Christian church teachings is one of the main forces preventing equal rights in homosexual’s lives, as well as in preventing their lifestyle all together. Next to abortion, nothing seems to unite members of the Christian community more than the fear of homosexuality. Recently, mayors allowed homosexuals to receive marriage licenses, something that makes most Christians very upset. It is important that homosexuals, male or female, receive equal treatment. Marriage, according to a Christian, has the purpose of procreation and procreation only. Marriage, in a humanistic sense, is a bond between two people who love and care for each other and who promise to be together until death. This humanistic approach to marriage applies to homosexuals, infertile couples, and many non-religious individuals of the United States. Christians most commonly support their dislike toward homosexuals by saying that according to the Bible, homosexuality is a sin. The Bible takes the blame for many things, but especially for outright rejection of homosexuals. It begins with the story of creation and continues in the books of Genesis, Leviticus, and Romans. It is there that we see the story of Sodom and Gomorrah. Another reason for Christian rejection of homosexuality is that it is unnatural. Once again, the Bible tends to be the basis for this conclusion, although for different reasons. Any sex act that... Free Essays on Christianity And Homosexuality Free Essays on Christianity And Homosexuality During the last 2,000 years of Christianity, the conservative Christian public changed its views of others. The Church changed the views about people of other races as being inferior, or savages, or in need of salvation. Conservative Christians have a cynical view of homosexuals. Certain members of the Christian community see homosexuals as being in direct league with Satan. According to some members of the Christian community, homosexuals are a direct threat to society and the sanctity of the family and homosexuality is an abomination. The Christian church teachings is one of the main forces preventing equal rights in homosexual’s lives, as well as in preventing their lifestyle all together. Next to abortion, nothing seems to unite members of the Christian community more than the fear of homosexuality. Recently, mayors allowed homosexuals to receive marriage licenses, something that makes most Christians very upset. It is important that homosexuals, male or female, receive equal treatment. Marriage, according to a Christian, has the purpose of procreation and procreation only. Marriage, in a humanistic sense, is a bond between two people who love and care for each other and who promise to be together until death. This humanistic approach to marriage applies to homosexuals, infertile couples, and many non-religious individuals of the United States. Christians most commonly support their dislike toward homosexuals by saying that according to the Bible, homosexuality is a sin. The Bible takes the blame for many things, but especially for outright rejection of homosexuals. It begins with the story of creation and continues in the books of Genesis, Leviticus, and Romans. It is there that we see the story of Sodom and Gomorrah. Another reason for Christian rejection of homosexuality is that it is unnatural. Once again, the Bible tends to be the basis for this conclusion, although for different reasons. Any sex act that...

Brazilian Economics Essay Research Paper Executive Summary

Brazilian Economics Essay, Research Paper Executive Summary Brazil is a big state with a big population. The natural resources that Brazil possesses are some of the richest in the universe. From minerals to timber to manpower, Brazil has all the natural stuffs to be an economic human dynamo. However, Brazil is being held back from doing great industrial paces. The job for Brazil lies in its inability to travel its supplies and merchandises. The roads, although better than they have of all time been, are non up to par with other industrial states. Until Brazil becomes more efficient they will non go an industrial giant. The economic crisis that has hit Brazil threatens to destruct all the advancement that has been made in the last decennary. Its high rate of rising prices must be brought under control for foreign investors to recover assurance. There is much promise in Brazil but its inefficiencies and current economic jobs must be overcome for Brazil to take its topographic point among the industrial giants. Introduction The Republic of Brazil is one of the largest states in the universe. Its population of more than one hundred sixty million topographic points it fifth among universe population centres. Its wealth of natural resources and easiness of entry makes it a valued trading spouse and an chance for new market growing. Population Brazil is one of the most thickly settled states in the universe. With a population of more than one hundred 60 million people it ranks 5th among universe population centres. The population growing rate of Brazil is keeping steady around 1.2 per centum. The birth rate is 20.4 births/1,000 population, this translates into about three million two hundred and 64 thousand unrecorded births each twelvemonth. Thirty per centum of Brazil s population is under 15 old ages of age and 65 per centum of the population is between 15 and 64 old ages old. Merely five per centum of the population is over 65 old ages of age. The ratio of work forces to adult females is.98 , which is about the same as the planetary ratio. One characteristic that has ever been present in Brazilian society is migration from one portion of the state to another. During the late twentieth century the western portion of the state has had the highest net inflow of population. The Southeast has besides received big Numberss of migrators, but these have been really unevenly distributed. The most rural southeasterly provinces have had steady decreases of their population through migration. There are three basic racial beginnings for Brazilian people. To the original dwellers ( Indians ) were added consecutive moving ridges of Europeans ( largely Portuguese ) and slaves ( largely Africans ) . The integrating between the Europeans and the Indians began shortly after colonisation ; it was non until the 1600 s that this procedure besides grew to include the freshly arrived Africans. A mixture of these three beginnings makes up the bulk of the Brazilian population. This is non to st ate that there are no other mixes in Brazil. Recently many people of Asiatic decent ( chiefly Japanese ) have begun to immigrate to Brazil. Members of all nationalities and races immigrate to Brazil every twenty-four hours in hunt of better things. Economic statistics and activity The GDP for Brazil is around one trillion dollars. This breaks down into the mean Brazilian holding about $ 6,300 of buying para. This figure is non bad, but it is non every bit high as the more industrialised states. This figure is expected to turn, but the economic crisis that has seized Brazil will most probably decelerate this growing. The growing rate is 2.9 % which shows that Brazilian industry is turning, merely non at an explosive rate. Brazil has an copiousness of natural resources, which, with suited direction, could go on to be good for coevalss to come. Improved transit has made more of these resources accessible either for export of for usage by Brazil s increasing industries and turning popul ation. Brazil is known to incorporate highly rich mineral sedimentations, this includes huge Fe ore militias. Brazil s industries absorb most of its other mineral production. This includes chrome, Mg, vitreous silica, Cu, lead, asbestos, and nickel. Brazil is a major gold and diamond manufacturer, but measures fluctuate widely from twelvemonth to twelvemonth and topographic point to topographic point as sedimentations are located and exhausted. Brazil is besides the largest universe provider of semiprecious rocks. These rocks include topazes, amethysts, opals, aquamarines, tourmalines, emeralds and others. Brazil has oil and natural gas militias, which became significant with the development of offshore Fieldss. The mineral militias are under changeless geographic expedition by authorities and private beginnings. Brazil is besides rich in biological resources. About two-thirds of the state is under wood, supplying about one-seventh of the universe s entire forest country. Hardwoods predominate in the Amazon and Atlantic coastal zone. Exploitation of the Amazon rain forest, nevertheless, has been hampered by the insufficiency of conveyance installations. Arable land is non abundant, sing the size of the state. With a coastline of more than 4,600 stat mis and legion well-stocked rivers, Brazil has entree to significant fishing evidences. This resource, nevertheless, is developing and productiveness is low. For a state every bit big as Brazil, development of an efficient agencies of transit has been a affair of critical importance. Throughout much of its history the state s different parts remained stray from each other, but this changed dramatically after World War II, foremost with the growing of air conveyance and, two decennaries subsequently, with the extension of a modern route web. Most rider and cargo traffic moves over the main roads, with coastal and inland transporting the following largest manner of transit. Brazil, like most states has four major man ners of transit. These manners include railroads, main roads, waterways, and airdromes. Except for commuter lines in the major metropoliss, railwaies are merely of minor importance in Brazil s transit web, Brazil has merely 27,000 kilometers of rail. Few new railroads of any significance have been built since World War II, when Rio de Janeiro was linked by rail to Salvador because German pigboats were taking a heavy toll on transporting. Most of Brazil s path day of the months from the nineteenth century, when the economic system was based on exports of natural stuffs. Brazil has improved its main road system greatly since the terminal of World War II. During the rainy season surface communications could be interrupted along the major regional links for hebdomads at a clip, marooning automobilists in countries with limited lodging and nutrient supplies. The building of Brasilia, the capital of Brazil in 1964, for which many bulky stuffs had to be airlifted in during the rainy season , alerted the state to the hapless province of its roads. When the armed forces assumed power in 1964, the upgrading of the route system became a primary aim. As a consequence, an first-class system of paved roads now connects all the major points in Brazil, including several links northerly into the Amazon part. Brazil has about two million kilometer of roads, of this one hundred 80 1000 stat mis are paved. Brazilian coastal transportation was, for many old ages, in no better status than its railroads. Like the railroads, the transportation industry was confined to transporting low-value majority goods that could digest long holds and non infrequent losingss. After the federal authorities launched a ship building plan in the 1960 s, nevertheless, the tunnage of ladings increased markedly, and more significantly a larger per centum of higher valued goods was carried. The more important ocean ports in Brazil are located in Rio de Janeiro, Paranagua, and Recife. The extended Brazilian river system has a entire river navigability of about 27,000 stat mis. Within the Amazon Basin navigable waterways are the rule means of transit in northern Brazil, widening into the Spanish speech production states to the West. The two rule Amazonian ports are connected by a modern, if at times fickle, steamer service are Belem, at the oral cavity of the river, and Manaus, some 1,000 stat mis inland. These and lesser ports are of import as trade centres for the broad assortment of trade that sail the Waterss of the chief rivers and some 1,000 feeders. As with most states, air passages are highly of import to the Brazilian economic system. Brazil has over two thousand five 100 airdromes, of this one thousand five 100s have paved tracks. Every capital and of import metropolis in Brazil has a major airdrome, and most of the smaller metropoliss are serviced by jet aircraft. Few locations are without a least a soil set downing strip. Most of the major metropoliss are besides linked by a shuttle service. However, overall flight frequences and the size of terminuss are at a much smaller graduated table than at comparable centers in west Europe or North America. This is due to the relatively high cost of fare and competition from inexpensive intercity bus services. Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo handle most of the international air traffic. Numerous airlines flourished in Brazil at one time or another, but they have been consolidated into three major ones that compete nationwide. Brazil has three major communication systems; telephones, radios, and television. There are over seventeen million telephones in Brazil. The Brazilian telephone system is fairly efficient as long as one remains close to a city. As the distance from a city increases, the number of phones and the reliability of service tends to drop. As one might expect there are no conventional phone lines in the deep Amazonian jungle. Radio broadcast stations are very important in Brazil. Brazilians own seventy-five million radios, and use them to listen to almost one thousand five hundred AM radio stations. Radios are cheaper than television sets so more Brazilians can afford them. Television is a major industry in Brazil. One hundred twenty stations can be found on Brazilian TV. This makes Brazil the fourth largest television broadcasting system in the world, reaching an estimated forty million Brazilians who own televisions. Foreign companies have been investing in Brazil for years. Because of its large population and plentiful natural resources, Brazil is very attractive to companies looking to expand into new markets. Large companies form Coca-Cola and Pepsi to Wal-Mart and Kentucky Fried Chicken have invested millions of dollars in order to gain a foothold in Brazil. One reason for the large number of companies with interests in Brazil is ease of entry. There are few barriers to entry in Brazil and the government encourages foreign investment. With Brazil s increasing population it can expect the foreign influx to continue for many years to come. Brazil exports about fifty billion dollars worth of products every y ear. The largest importer of Brazilian goods is the European Union (26%), followed by the United States (23%), Latin America (22%), and Argentina (11%). Brazil is the world s leading exporter of coffee, which is its most important single export. Most Americans think of Columbia as being the biggest producer of coffee, but Brazil produces almost twice as much as Columbia. Brazil is also a prominent producer of minerals. Brazil is one of the largest producers of iron ore in the world, and thanks to new mining techniques and technology this trend is expected to continue. Brazil also exports soybeans, tropical fruits, footwear, and sugarcane. Brazil is also the world leader in the production of semiprecious stones, gold and diamonds. Brazil imports about fifty-five billion dollars worth of goods every year. Crude oil is one of the major imports that Brazil receives regularly. In order to lessen its dependence on gasoline, the Brazilian government decided to run the country s vehicles on something a little less pricey, sugar. The government planned to replace gasoline with ethanol (ethyl alcohol). Processing the sugarcane in modern plants became the most successful such program in the world. For a number of years, virtually all new automobiles in Brazil have been engineered to run on this fuel. Brazil also imports other products that it is lacking at home. These products include capital goods for industry, chemical products, foodstuffs, and coal. Brazil has had a trade deficit for almost its entire history. There are many reasons for this but the main reason is a lack of ability to get to its resources. Brazil is a country with huge amounts of natural resources, but they are hard to get to. New roads and shipping channels have helped open up some more of Brazil s resources, but more must be done if Brazil ever expects to have a trade surplus. One thing that has been beneficial to Brazil is the influx of new business from outside the country that helps Brazil s abil ity to export more products. Unfortunately for Brazil its economy has recently taken a downturn. The inflation has gone through the roof and there has been a leveling off of foreign investment. The World Bank and the United States recently formulated a bailout plan for Brazil. This bailout included loans and other economic aid. The reason for the bailout lies in the belief that South America goes as Brazil goes; if Brazil encounters a recession than so will the rest of South America. A South American economic crisis combine with the one that has hit Asia would mean an almost certain worldwide recession. Brazil s labor force is a relatively strong one. Sixty-one million people are included in Brazil s work force, and this number is increasing every year. Forty-two percent of the work force is employed in services, while thirty-one percent work in agriculture, and twenty-seven percent work in industrial occupations. The unemployment rate is not large, but it is growing. Six percent of the Brazilian population is unemployed and the number is increasing with the recent economic crisis. Developments in science and technology With the help of foreign investors, Brazil is quickly increasing its technological capabilities. With the influx of new businesses from other countries, better technology became essential. These companies came into Brazil and trained their new Brazilian employees in the use of state of the art equipment. Advances were also made in the mining and extraction fields which were put to good use in Brazil. These advances will make it possible for Brazil to get back on its feet and compete in the global marketplace once the inflation is curtailed. Another reason for the growth of Brazilian technology is the educational system. More and more students are learning to use computers and at a younger age. There can only be benefits for Brazil in the long run if this trend continues. Channels of Distribution Brazil s businesses work in much the same way as they do in the United States. The retailers come in all shapes and sizes, from small family stores to multinational chains like Wal-Mart. Items are mainly purchased through cash transactions but buying through credit is also done. There seems to be less of a reliance on credit cards than the United States. The penetration of urban centers is high for the simple reason that there are more people able to buy products in urban areas. In rural areas it is more likely to see a small family store than a large outlet because there are simply not enough people to support a larger store. Media Brazil is a large country with a large population and therefore has many sources of media available to the public. Television, radio, and print media are all found in Brazil. Brazil s major newspapers are published in the cities of Sao Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro, but numerous others are published in the smaller cities and towns. There are also a number of weekly magazines that cover subjects from news t o hobbies. Press and broadcasting are intimately linked in Brazil, including television s TV Manchete and the TV Globo, which, with Radio Globo, is the largest and most influential of the county s broadcasting media. There are also several lesser networks in radio and television as well as a large number of regional and local stations. An educational channel broadcasts to a limited number of cities. Common television fare includes the tremendously popular prime-time novelas (soap operas), sporting events, news, special reports, foreign movies dubbed into Portuguese, and children s programming. In many ways television, in conjunction with massive urban migration, has furthered the homogenization of Brazilian culture and the modification of regional differences. When the Brazilian government as run by its military many of the stations were owned by the state. This is not the case today. Today television and radio stations operate in much the same manner as they do in the United States . Commercials are paid for by companies wishing to advertise in a form of media and are played. The only noticeable difference would be the amount of nudity on regular stations at all hours of the day. Bibliography Britanica Online. Brazil: Physical and Human Geography. http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=macro/5000/84/24.html October 29, 1998. Brazilian Embassy, London. Brazil in Brief. http://www.brazil.org.uk. Oct 19, 1998. Brazilian Embassy, Washington DC. The Brazilian People. http://brasil.emb.nw.dc.us/bzpeople.htm. October 24, 1998. CIA Factbook. Brazil. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/br.html October 29,1998. Eletronic Library. Brazil. http://www.encyclopedia.com, October19, 1998. Republica Federativa de Brasil. The Wonders of Brazil. http://psg.com/walter/brasil.htm. October 24, 1998. [Home] [Brazil] [Economic Paper] [cultural paper] [marketing]

Conflicting Values in the Management of the Overpopulation of Wolves Essay

Conflicting Values in the Management of the Overpopulation of Wolves - Essay Example They have occupied habitats throughout the North America other than areas such as â€Å"southeastern US† and parts of â€Å"California† (483). However, the increasing human population, coupled with the extensive development of agriculture, caused a decrease in their numbers and by the beginning of 20th-century gray wolves â€Å"nearly vanished from the eastern United States† (483). Being â€Å"ecosystem generalists† they have distinct concepts about their surroundings and they choose their habitat based on the availability of prey, especially ungulate populations (487). In areas where their population density is high, they become a threat to humans, ungulates, and other livestock. Thus, their ultimate fate depends on the ability of humans to coexist with them and protecting their â€Å"biological requisites† (497). With a current approximate population of just over â€Å"50000,† the gray wolf has been placed under the category of â€Å"threa tened in Minnesota and endangered† in all states other than Alaska (497). ...  Researchers such as Smith, Peterson, and Houston (2003), point to historical evidence of Isle Royale, where restoration of gray wolves about sixty years ago has entailed the complete elimination of coyotes apart from reducing moose population. Therefore, they argue that the restoration of gray wolves to YNP will also result in â€Å"similar effects to a degree† (Smith, Peterson & Houston 2003:330). On the other hand, several others contend that the delisting of NRM gray wolf has been a premature action. Further, they consider this step as insufficient to â€Å"address deficiencies† in the wildlife management policies and suggest that it will impair the maintenance of a â€Å"viable metapopulation† of wolves and expose them to the risk of extirpation (Bergstrom et al 2009: 991). It is also relevant that gray wolves, as predators, play a key role in the ecological balance by rem oving â€Å"sicker and weaker† animals of other species (Delisting the Gray Wolf 2013: 1). In the present situation, where the population of gray wolves keeps decreasing, it becomes necessary to maintain a metapopulation of this species as they are highly significant for balancing the ecological system. Analysis of the Controversies: Research evidence suggests that there has been a â€Å"95% decrease† in the historic range of the gray wolves that once have been abundant in the US (Curran 2011: 3). The evidence further attributes this decline to the â€Å"predator control programs† that have been sponsored by the US government (3).

National Literacy Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

National Literacy Strategy - Essay Example To address suggestions on improving the ways in which children learn to read, the National Literacy Strategy was conceived in 1998, but by 2003 it was evident that more new concepts were needed. Results indicated that areas of need for children learning how to read still existed. Marian Sainsbury, principal researcher at the National Foundation for Educational Research, includes in a Literacy Today article (2004) a survey of 4,671 children, Years 4 and 6 combined, comparing 1998 with 2003, which shows that in 2003 children were significantly less interested in reading and going to the library, more interested in watching TV [SEE chart, next page]. Children surveyed in 2003, "after five years of teaching according to the National Literary Strategy" (par. 11), did show more confidence and independence, but although there had been some improvement in reading skills for the pupils in England, by comparison, their enjoyment of reading was poor. Sainsbury notes that teachers rather than the children often choose the reading material for the "literacy hour" in some schools. This is a practice that might discourage a child's interest in further reading, since the child has no input. Children do prefer reading by themselves silently and at home, and giving them more choices in the school setting might well increase their interest level. In a University of Reading press release (2003... They were invited to discuss the subject further by writing brief papers, expressing their concerns. The published papers are presently available at www.ncll.or.uk. According to the press release, "The authors argue against attempts to analyse and categorise the novel, story or poem, to 'stick labels on it, teach-and-preach it into a coma . . . or kill it off altogether with some kind of test' " (par. 3). The effort to meet curriculum needs in the classroom in early education creates stress, and teachers don't feel they can give pupils more freedom to learn at their own pace because they have to meet certain standards. Some of the issues addressed by the Early Years Curriculum Group (2000) that continue to be relevant in 2006 are listed below. They confirm the need for a more relaxed setting: The current emphasis on literacy and numeracy is having a negative effect on some young children's earliest experiences, particularly in the maintained sector and most particularly in children's reception year (par. 1.2) There is substantial evidence from research in this country, and from overseas, that a later start to more formal aspects of language and literacy learning will lead to quicker gains in competence in reading and writing, and actually to higher standards at age nine or 10 (1.5). Reporter Wendy Berliner, in her Guardian article "War of Words" (2005), outlines the success of a Scottish reading program using synthetic phonics and discusses the pros and cons of the system. In 1998, three hundred Scottish children were taught to read using diverse programs. Of the three programmes followed, synthetic phonics showed the best results after seven years. The proponents of

Answer questions from uploaded information Essay

Answer questions from uploaded information - Essay Example The theoretical knowledge and value system gained through different stages of growth would assist in explicitly setting our personal and professional goals and provide the needed strategies towards their fulfillment. The current discourse provides one with the opportunity to examine one’s values and priorities; as well as the value system that apparently leads to manifested attitudes toward work and personal life. The following questions would hereby be responded to, as needed: 1. Do I look forward to being at work every morning? Most mornings? An examination of one’s work actually reveals that one does not look forward to being at work every morning; nor in most mornings, at that. This could be a clear indication that one does not find fulfillment in the endeavor being pursued. With this kind of attitude, there is a potential impact on productivity at work. As such, this could be contrarious to Oosting’s assertion in his discourse on â€Å"Productivity In Your Work† which emphasizes that one needs to focus on being productive in work since â€Å"that must be your goal, every day, all year, and every year. Anything less is letting down God, your family and your employer† (n.d., par. 8). ... This is consistent with the theory proposed by Frederick Taylor who stated that â€Å"workers were motivated primarily by money, so he also developed the idea that workers should be paid based on whether they reached production targets† (Magloff, 2013, par. 3). 3. When I think of work, what is the most negative thing that comes to mind? The most negative thing that comes to mind when I think of work is being treated unfairly. I strongly feel that my colleagues do not care about me. It was revealed by Wright (1990) that â€Å"most of our difficulties in life occur because of other people†¦Most people would really want to get along with those around them† (p. 9). By perceiving indifference, prejudice, lack of support and care, I feel isolated and lonely. 4. Are my attitudes likely to change during the next twelve to twenty-four months? If so, why is that? My attitudes could possibly change during the next twelve to twenty-four months, if I take this course into consi deration and pray about it. I could still be at that point in life where one’s personal and professional goals are not clearly and accurately established; since these are not in conjunction with God’s purpose for me in life. As asserted by Douglass (1978), â€Å"instead of seeking God's specific direction for these and other courses of action, many people tend to proceed through life without much prayer or thought and, therefore, without God's integrating purpose† (p. 1). Thus, with the assistance of the lessons learned and still to be imbibed in the course, one could be guided to discern God’s purpose for me and to assist in changing my attitudes, value system, priorities, and personal, as well as professional goals. 5. Do I like myself?

Memogate - Fact, Fiction and Political Lies Essay

Memogate - Fact, Fiction and Political Lies - Essay Example Analogous to Vietnam, the American troops and their allies dug into the urban areas using fortified structures that were seen as impenetrable for organized Taliban and Al-Qaeda troops. This had one major impact – conventional warfare was not possible in Afghanistan anymore as the Taliban and Al-Qaeda could not mount infantry or artillery attacks. Given the limited choices to act, the Taliban and Al-Qaeda turned over to guerilla tactics with special emphasis being placed on suicide bombing runs inside US bases in Afghanistan. Rising causalities inside the US bases as well as on roads throughout Afghanistan forced the US to act once more. In order to deal with the challenges at hand, the military’s top brass and the hawks in Washington decided to escalate troop levels in order to pursue a policy of â€Å"boots on the ground†. The rising troop levels and the enhanced military activity on ground meant that the Taliban and Al-Qaeda needed new places to hide. This was an obvious response from the Taliban and Al-Qaeda as they needed bases to train troops, plan and execute operations, plan for longer term strategies and the like. However, space in Afghanistan was running out for both the Taliban and Al-Qaeda who were on the run given escalated military activity. As a response to this, the Taliban and Al-Qaeda moved over into neighboring Pakistan’s tribal belt. ... The closely knitted extended family structure in the region which sponsored tribalism was also able to help the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in finding shelter. Even though it was obvious where the enemy was stationed, the US troops and their allies could not operate inside Pakistan as they had in Afghanistan. The sanctity of an international border was far too great to be desecrated along with the sensitivities of the Pakistani side. The US was quick to bring in drones to attack targets inside Pakistani territory but this had only limited effect as the results of surgical strikes are incomparable to the results of entire infantry and artillery movements. Consequently the Pakistani military and intelligence agencies were brought in to deal with the situation in the border tribal regions. The US and its allies expected compliance with their goals but the Pakistani intelligence structure had its own objectives lurking under the guise of cooperation. Continuous failure on the part of the Pakist ani military brass led the US and its allies to limit information sharing. As relations became more and more strained, the cooperation between the US and Pakistan came to an all-time low (Kronstadt). The military regime of Musharraf was replaced in time by a democratic government in 2007 that was looking for protection from the US from the very start. As the democratic government leaned towards the US and its objectives, results began to arrive. The Osama bin Laden raid in Abbottabad helped to effectively end the threat for once and for all. However such cooperation by the democratic government put it in direct opposition of the Pakistani military and intelligence agencies. Soon a new controversy in the form of the Memogate

Critical Thinking and Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critical Thinking and Leadership - Case Study Example Basically, the authors were right in concluding that Yahoo can be viewed as a phenomenon considering that it succeeded in the absence of a sound industry structure or huge capitalization, that what its owners had was a tandem of a great idea and a computer. Primarily, Yahoo describes itself as a "leading global Internet communications, commerce and media company" and because of this, has cleverly managed to stay out of the fray as gigantic conglomerates such as Google and Microsoft fight each other over everything from search dominance to giving a platform for next generation web development. It isn't very clear though whether Yahoo's manner of positioning itself in the industry is just incidental or a deliberate strategy. However, as noted by experts, the company has discovered what could become a very sensible way to compete with a vast number of big and capable players - target multiple areas like music, search and e-commerce, without vexing a major competitor. As one senior director of information technology at Wharton intimated, "There is a lot to be said for positioning yourself in a way that you are not encroaching on Microsoft's turf Google is on Microsoft's radar right now like no other company" (Whitehouse, 2005) But what makes Yahoo different Or what is it doing to make itself different Perhaps one reason Yahoo doesn't get the attention (and ire) of Google is that it is not easy to sort out and pigeonhole. Yes, it contends with Google in the search division, but it has a multitude of other services and assets like the Hot Jobs (an employment site), the Yahoo 360 (blogging and community site) and a shopping network highlighting big and small merchants. Apparently, this media firm's basic objective is to "provide users and advertisers with richer and more relevant experiences....Yahoo reaches 73% of all Internet users in the U.S. in any given month, which speaks to the breadth of the product suite. Yahoo reaches more people in more ways than any other company on the web." But looking closely, Yahoo's success shouldn't merely be attributed to the fact that it rested on simple rules as its founding strategy or operated on a "hands-on" environment. It is simply because Yahoo was an idea whose time has come. Yahoo's creators saw a need which was turned into an opportunity. Its creation or emergence coincided with what millions of people needed at the moment. What they did was like "striking while the iron is hot" and seized the moment. When the authors wrote "The new economy's most profound strategic implication is that companies must capture unanticipated, fleeting opportunities in order to succeed," (Eisendhardt & Sull, 2001, p. 108), they weren't actually talking of a fresh entrepreneurial gospel. They were just talking of a trait or an entrepreneurial spirit that is certainly intrinsic not only of 21st

Answer questions from uploaded information Essay

Answer questions from uploaded information - Essay Example The theoretical knowledge and value system gained through different stages of growth would assist in explicitly setting our personal and professional goals and provide the needed strategies towards their fulfillment. The current discourse provides one with the opportunity to examine one’s values and priorities; as well as the value system that apparently leads to manifested attitudes toward work and personal life. The following questions would hereby be responded to, as needed: 1. Do I look forward to being at work every morning? Most mornings? An examination of one’s work actually reveals that one does not look forward to being at work every morning; nor in most mornings, at that. This could be a clear indication that one does not find fulfillment in the endeavor being pursued. With this kind of attitude, there is a potential impact on productivity at work. As such, this could be contrarious to Oosting’s assertion in his discourse on â€Å"Productivity In Your Work† which emphasizes that one needs to focus on being productive in work since â€Å"that must be your goal, every day, all year, and every year. Anything less is letting down God, your family and your employer† (n.d., par. 8). ... This is consistent with the theory proposed by Frederick Taylor who stated that â€Å"workers were motivated primarily by money, so he also developed the idea that workers should be paid based on whether they reached production targets† (Magloff, 2013, par. 3). 3. When I think of work, what is the most negative thing that comes to mind? The most negative thing that comes to mind when I think of work is being treated unfairly. I strongly feel that my colleagues do not care about me. It was revealed by Wright (1990) that â€Å"most of our difficulties in life occur because of other people†¦Most people would really want to get along with those around them† (p. 9). By perceiving indifference, prejudice, lack of support and care, I feel isolated and lonely. 4. Are my attitudes likely to change during the next twelve to twenty-four months? If so, why is that? My attitudes could possibly change during the next twelve to twenty-four months, if I take this course into consi deration and pray about it. I could still be at that point in life where one’s personal and professional goals are not clearly and accurately established; since these are not in conjunction with God’s purpose for me in life. As asserted by Douglass (1978), â€Å"instead of seeking God's specific direction for these and other courses of action, many people tend to proceed through life without much prayer or thought and, therefore, without God's integrating purpose† (p. 1). Thus, with the assistance of the lessons learned and still to be imbibed in the course, one could be guided to discern God’s purpose for me and to assist in changing my attitudes, value system, priorities, and personal, as well as professional goals. 5. Do I like myself?

Critical Thinking and Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Critical Thinking and Leadership - Case Study Example Basically, the authors were right in concluding that Yahoo can be viewed as a phenomenon considering that it succeeded in the absence of a sound industry structure or huge capitalization, that what its owners had was a tandem of a great idea and a computer. Primarily, Yahoo describes itself as a "leading global Internet communications, commerce and media company" and because of this, has cleverly managed to stay out of the fray as gigantic conglomerates such as Google and Microsoft fight each other over everything from search dominance to giving a platform for next generation web development. It isn't very clear though whether Yahoo's manner of positioning itself in the industry is just incidental or a deliberate strategy. However, as noted by experts, the company has discovered what could become a very sensible way to compete with a vast number of big and capable players - target multiple areas like music, search and e-commerce, without vexing a major competitor. As one senior director of information technology at Wharton intimated, "There is a lot to be said for positioning yourself in a way that you are not encroaching on Microsoft's turf Google is on Microsoft's radar right now like no other company" (Whitehouse, 2005) But what makes Yahoo different Or what is it doing to make itself different Perhaps one reason Yahoo doesn't get the attention (and ire) of Google is that it is not easy to sort out and pigeonhole. Yes, it contends with Google in the search division, but it has a multitude of other services and assets like the Hot Jobs (an employment site), the Yahoo 360 (blogging and community site) and a shopping network highlighting big and small merchants. Apparently, this media firm's basic objective is to "provide users and advertisers with richer and more relevant experiences....Yahoo reaches 73% of all Internet users in the U.S. in any given month, which speaks to the breadth of the product suite. Yahoo reaches more people in more ways than any other company on the web." But looking closely, Yahoo's success shouldn't merely be attributed to the fact that it rested on simple rules as its founding strategy or operated on a "hands-on" environment. It is simply because Yahoo was an idea whose time has come. Yahoo's creators saw a need which was turned into an opportunity. Its creation or emergence coincided with what millions of people needed at the moment. What they did was like "striking while the iron is hot" and seized the moment. When the authors wrote "The new economy's most profound strategic implication is that companies must capture unanticipated, fleeting opportunities in order to succeed," (Eisendhardt & Sull, 2001, p. 108), they weren't actually talking of a fresh entrepreneurial gospel. They were just talking of a trait or an entrepreneurial spirit that is certainly intrinsic not only of 21st

Tourism and Hospitality Industry Essay Example for Free

Tourism and Hospitality Industry Essay Globalization refers to the increments in the relationships of the people, industries, culture and various activities of economy. The term Globalization refers to the economics and all the global distribution of the production of goods and service which ultimately reduces the barriers of international trade like export fees, import quotas and various other tariffs, Cowen (2003). The Globalization has contributed to the growth of economy in a considerable manner. The globalization have accompanied to economic growth in developed and developing countries through increased specialization and the principle of comparative advantage. Globalization means the transnational change between the ideas, languages, and popular culture of different nations and countries so as to increase the diversity in the economy and enhance the growth of economy. It is argued that the decrease in the inter-cultural contact will increase the possibility of international and intra-national conflict. According to Shoa (2002), the globalization impacts the hospitality industry in prospect to the national as well as international hotel and tourism industry as a new occurrence. Actually, there are many hotels which are dealing with the international players even in the eighties. However, these days, the phenomenon has become so common that some company’s claim fifty percent of their profits will emanate from foreign companies, Pimentel (2008). The major factor behind the higher impact of globalization is that the hospitality sector has attracted international hotels into foreign countries and they are exploring the efficient and cost effective methods of doing business. The economies of scale are not just a theoretical phenomenon. it equally works in the hospitality sector and has considerable impact of globalization on the same. The hotels have realized that the larger they become the lower their production costs and the higher their profit margins. Besides that, the business within the industry will take their business to overseas and they can tap the unexplored markets that would never have been reached in local markets. Another reason that has increased the impact of globalization and has also increased the propensity for globalization within hosp itality industry is increasing competition within local markets. Consequently, in order to expand their respective businesses, the hotels and tourism  industries have started exploring the untapped markets and therefore, the globalization have started impacting the growth and profitability of the overall hospitality sector. However, it is necessary to look for the new markets as the increasing numbers of players in this industry are increasing the internationalism and competition within the hospitality industry. According to McAlister (2005), it is also likely that there are so many competitors which are now entering into new markets because they will allure the global brands. In contract to local brands, international markets would have to tailor their brands to suite specific conditions in the local market. However, with increasing talk about global brands, now international hotels can market their services to a wide array of consumers who happen to be agents of globalization themselves. Most of the consumers are multicultural in this scenario and always looking for ways to move themselves and their resources easily across various parts of the world, Dreher (2008). In this case, the main concern of study is to get the understanding of the impact of globalization on hospitality and tourism sector industries. For this case, there has to be geographical location on which the whole study can be done and further geographical analysis will be based on the same. The location which is chosen for the case is India which is a country in South Asia, Roger (2004). The economy of India is the ninth-largest economy by nominal GDP in the world and fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. According to Smith (2009), the reason for choosing India for this case is that it has very fast growth rate of economy and is considered a newly industrialized country. However, it also has so many challenges such as poverty, illiteracy, corruption, and inadequate public health. PEST analysis The concern of the study relates to the impact of Globalization on the hospitality and tourism industry and for the same concern, it is necessary to do the PEST analysis which stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological analysis and describes the conceptual framework which is used for the macro environmental factors and the environmental factors can be analyzed for the strategic management, Cowen (2003). The external analysis can be easily done by the PEST analysis and the overview of the different  macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration has to be done for the betterment of the organization. It is considered to be as a very good strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. PEST analysis of hospitality sector The hospitality industry is very important to analyze as the hospitality sector includes a broad category of restaurants, hotels, event planning, transportation, cruise line, and so many additional fields. This particular industry is a very growing sector and has a considerable contribution to the economy, Jeffrey (2005).The unit of hospitality such as a restaurant, hotel, or even an amusement park consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance, direct operations, management, marketing, and human resources which need to be maintained for the betterment of services. The productivity of the people as well as the location has to be improved for the overall growth of the organization, McGrew(2001). Political Environment . The Political environment refers to the various government policies related to the particular sector which can affect the service and hospitality sector such as the degree of intervention in the economy. The hotel industry as well as tourism industry has a basic backbone of the government support, Ross (2006). The huge amount of taxes has been charged by the government for the different category of hotels and therefore it has a huge impact with the political changes that occur. Any small step taken by the government by changing some law it would seriously affect hotel as well as the tourism industry. Economic the economic factors relates to the interest rates, taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and exchange rates. In the recent past, the people are willing to pay large amount of money for the services they get and the more the guests pay the more would the hotel and the industry would prosper ,John (2009) as the paying power of the people or customers will increase, the need for the good and luxurious hotels become massive. The economy of India has faced one of the most minimal drops in the whole world  and it has helped the hotel to get concentrated on the foreign travellers which had reduced and the local market being stable was much of a relief to the Indian Hotel Industry. . Social The social factor refers to the changes in social trends as it impacts the demand for the products of the company as well as the availability and willingness of individuals to work with the particular organization, Suryadinata (2000) As the social factor influences the people up to the certain extent which includes the culture and various other social factors within the society. . Technological There are so many software’s which are used for the management of hotel within the hospitality industry and the standards of the hotel has to match with the technology standards of the industry, Jeffrey (2010). The Hotel management software and technologies used have to match the subsequent level of market and industry. As the technology also reduces the manpower and decreases the cost to the company. So, the technology up gradation has always been proved as a boon to the people and the increased productivity of the organization, For example: If a hotel used the printed KOT and BOT and the stewards had to give it themselves to each of the departments. It could be substituted with the direct computerized sending of KOT and BOT to the kitchen or the Bar. In India, tourism is considered to be as one of the fastest growing sectors of the global economy and there are so many countries which are investing in the tourism sector for the expansion of industry, Pimentel (2008). On the other hand, while conceding that the uncontrolled growth of this industry can result in serious environmental and social problems. In recent years, there is an argument about the sustainability of the tourism industry and the sustainable development to bring together national and local governments, the tourism industry, trade unions and activist groups to realize this goal, Chapman (2009). It has been also considered that the global tourism industry can be propelled towards sustainability which underpins the drive towards globalization. There are so many countries which are facing burdens and worsening trade because of the  tourism industry and the various agencies working on the international basis such as World Bank, World Travel Tourism Council (WTTC) are also involved in the matter of concern for the growth and development of tourism industry and enhance the global presence of the tourism industry, Bruce (1992). However, tourism is often viewed by critics as an extension of former colonial conditions as it has supported and benefitted the international relations of economics whereas it favours the advanced capitalist countries in the North, Turner (2009). Therefore, it has been believed that there are unequal trading relationships and a trend of dependency on the foreign interests, and the division of labour which ultimately relates to the poor countries in the South to becoming tourism recipients and affluent countries in the North to the position of tourism generators. According to the WTTC, there are some certain reasons for the presence of the travel and tourism which includes the following key areas: * The government should accept the travel and tourism industry as a strategic economic development and employment priority * There has to be a move towards the open and competitive markets which supports the technological advancements and activities and at the same time, the liberalization of air transport and deregulate telecommunications in international markets * The barriers for the growth of tourism has to be eliminated and at the same time, the expansion and improvement of infrastructure has to be done for the growth of the tourism industry in a better manner such as development in the increase of airport capacity, construction and modernization of airports, roads and various other tourist facilities Friedman (2008) In many developed and developing countries, more than two-thirds of the revenue comes from international tourism and now a days, the policies of free trade and investment have been launched for the better liquidity in the market , Smith (2006). The globalization and liberalization of tourism will also bring wealth, progress, social achievements and improved environmental standards. It is also significant that the global guidelines could also have the devastating consequences for local and indigenous communities which are based on the social, cultural and ecological manner. The propensity of the tourism industry towards the unrestricted growth and its commoditization of indigenous cultures must be recognized as clearly unsustainable to the industry. The principles of the  tourism are made not only because it is heavily overshadowed by politics of global players but also, the main concern is that the guidelines are to be adopted by the advocates of sustainable tourism at the level of internationalism and the topic remains vague. The tourism industry is overly euphemistic, Tainter (1996). On the other hand, where the companies related to tourism have scrapped or postponed potentially harmful projects, people should know and acknowledge that the projects are scrapped because of the financial crunch, public and private investments in the cut of environmental protection. Moreover, the overall crisis has also resulted in an upsurge of crime and so many social vices related to tourism industry. Overall effects of Globalization Globalization has so many aspects which have their considerable impact on the industry in so many different ways such as: Industrial – The emergence of worldwide production markets and a wide access to the international products for the companies as well as consumers. These are particularly related to the movement of material and goods for the national boundaries , Vierich (2008). Financial – The emergence of the financial markets and the wide access to the financial markets and the overall access to the external financing for borrowers is important and at the same time, the structures have been grown at a very fast pace than any transnational regulatory regime. Competition – The emergence of the global market have enhanced the productivity of the people and increased competition in the market, Graham (2011) Therefore, the market is becoming worldwide and there are so many companies in the hospitality industry which needs to upgrade their products and utilize the technology skilfully in order to face increased competition. Ecological – The challenges of the global environmental challenges which can be solved by the international cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution etc. As there are so many companies which are developed in the countries which have very less environmental regulation, globalism and free trade may increase pollution, Barber (2003). Cultural – The overall growth of cross-cultural diversity in the global world can enhance the advent of new categories of consciousness and identities which embodies cultural diffusion, in the different categories of people. There is a desire which has been developed to raise the standard of  living of people within the country and the new technologies have been adopted and the people are participating in a world culture† for the proper transformation of the culture, Dreher (2008). The multiculturalism has to be speeded so as to access the cultural diversity, Gordon (2004). There are some people who may consider the cultural diversity as a danger, since it may supplant the local culture. But there are also some people who consider the multiculturalism to promote peace and understanding between peoples. Conclusion The globalization has their own benefits and effects on the hospitality industry and the other industries as well. The economies of scale are also equally affected as on the larger market base. And this particular reason cannot be ignored as there are lots of further problems which come after the same problem. The further problems can be intercultural difference, organizational structure and looking for investors. The above mentioned problems can be addressed through intercultural understanding, mixing vertical and horizontal organizational structures and marketing homogenous products to investors within the hospitality industry.